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	<title>ENS - D&#233;partment de biologie</title>
	<link>https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/</link>
	<description></description>
	<language>fr</language>
	<generator>SPIP - www.spip.net</generator>
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<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Chris Bowler, laur&#233;at de l'appel d'offre ERC Advanced Grant en 2011</title>
		<link>https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article123</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article123</guid>
		<dc:date>2015-02-25T10:40:20Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Marie Embs</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Plus d'informations sur le site de l'ERC&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?rubrique24" rel="directory"&gt;2011&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH113/arton123-59726.jpg?1777617200' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='113' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Plus d'informations sur &lt;a href=&#034;http://erc.europa.eu/&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;le site de l'ERC&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Emergent Growth Cone Responses to Combinations of Slit1 and Netrin 1 in Thalamocortical Axon Topography</title>
		<link>https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article121</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article121</guid>
		<dc:date>2015-02-25T10:38:13Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Marie Embs</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Brain connectivity relies on axonal responses to combinations of guidance cues &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
A joint collaboration from IBENS researchers and the INA (Alicante, Spain) has found a key mechanism that ensures the development of a major axonal connection in the brain. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
The functioning of the nervous system relies on the establishment of axonal tracts that follow complex trajectories. However, how guidance cues are integrated during the formation of these axonal tracts remains largely unknown. (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?rubrique24" rel="directory"&gt;2011&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH149/arton121-be40b.png?1777617200' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='149' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Brain connectivity relies on axonal responses to combinations of guidance cues&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A joint collaboration from IBENS researchers and the INA (Alicante, Spain) has found a key mechanism that ensures the development of a major axonal connection in the brain.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The functioning of the nervous system relies on the establishment of axonal tracts that follow complex trajectories. However, how guidance cues are integrated during the formation of these axonal tracts remains largely unknown. Thalamocortical axons, which convey sensory and motor information to the neocortex, have a rostrocaudal topographic organization initially established within the ventral telencephalon. In this study the authors show that this topography is set in a small hub, the corridor, which contains gradients guidance cues such as Slit1 and Netrin 1. Using in vitro and in vivo experiments, these authors found that Slit1 is a rostral repellent that positions intermediate thalamocortical axons. For rostral axons, while Slit1 is also repulsive and Netrin 1 has no chemotactic activity, the two factors combined generate attraction. These results show that Slit1 has a dual context-dependent role in thalamocortical pathfinding and furthermore reveals that a combination of cues produces an emergent activity that neither of them has alone. This study thus provides a novel framework to explain how a limited set of guidance cues can generate a vast diversity of axonal responses necessary for proper wiring of the nervous system.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Curr Biol. 2011 Oct 25 ;21(20):1748-55.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Regulation of glycine receptor diffusion properties and gephyrin interactions by protein kinase C</title>
		<link>https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article120</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article120</guid>
		<dc:date>2015-02-25T10:37:04Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Marie Embs</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Glycine receptors (GlyRs) can dynamically exchange between synaptic and extrasynaptic locations through lateral diffusion within the plasma membrane. Their accumulation at inhibitory synapses depends on the interaction of the b-subunit of the GlyR with the synaptic scaffold protein gephyrin. An alteration of receptor&#8211;gephyrin binding could thus shift the equilibrium between
&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
synaptic and extrasynaptic GlyRs and modulate the strength of inhibitory neurotransmission. Using a combination of (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?rubrique24" rel="directory"&gt;2011&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH78/arton120-41375.jpg?1777617200' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='78' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Glycine receptors (GlyRs) can dynamically exchange between synaptic and extrasynaptic locations through lateral diffusion within the plasma membrane. Their accumulation at inhibitory synapses depends on the interaction of the b-subunit of the GlyR with the synaptic scaffold protein gephyrin. An alteration of receptor&#8211;gephyrin binding could thus shift the equilibrium between&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
synaptic and extrasynaptic GlyRs and modulate the strength of inhibitory neurotransmission. Using a combination of dynamic imaging and biochemical approaches, we have characterised the molecular mechanism that links the GlyR&#8211;gephyrin interaction with GlyR diffusion and synaptic localisation. We have identified a protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation site within the cytoplasmic domain of the b-subunit of the GlyR (residue S403) that causes a reduction of the binding affinity between the receptor and gephyrin. In consequence, the receptor's diffusion in the plasma membrane is accelerated and GlyRs accumulate less strongly at synapses. We propose that the regulation of GlyR dynamics by PKC thus contributes to the plasticity of inhibitory synapses and may be involved in maladaptive forms of synaptic plasticity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;EMBO J. 2011 Aug 9 ;30(18):3842-53&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Late Emergence of the Vibrissa Direction Selectivity Map in the Rat Barrel Cortex</title>
		<link>https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article119</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article119</guid>
		<dc:date>2015-02-25T10:36:06Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Marie Embs</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;In the neocortex, neuronal selectivities for multiple sensorimotor modalities are often distributed in topographical maps thought to emerge during a restricted period in early postnatal development. Rodent barrel cortex contains a somatotopic map for vibrissa identity, but the existence of maps representing other tactile features has not been clearly demonstrated. We addressed the issue of the existence in the rat cortex of an intrabarrel map for vibrissa movement direction using in vivo (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?rubrique24" rel="directory"&gt;2011&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/local/cache-vignettes/L144xH150/arton119-d8f5f.jpg?1777617200' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='144' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the neocortex, neuronal selectivities for multiple sensorimotor modalities are often distributed in topographical maps thought to emerge during a restricted period in early postnatal development. Rodent barrel cortex contains a somatotopic map for vibrissa identity, but the existence of maps representing other tactile features has not been clearly demonstrated. We addressed the issue of the existence in the rat cortex of an intrabarrel map for vibrissa movement direction using &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; two-photon imaging. We discovered that the emergence of a direction map in rat barrel cortex occurs long after all known critical periods in the somatosensory system. This map is remarkably specific, taking a pinwheel-like form centered near the barrel center and aligned to the barrel cortex somatotopy. We suggest that this map may arise from intracortical mechanisms and demonstrate by simulation that the combination of spike-timing-dependent plasticity at synapses between layer 4 and layer 2/3 and realistic pad stimulation is sufficient to produce such a map. Its late emergence long after other classical maps suggests that experience-dependent map formation and refinement continue throughout adult life.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;J Neurosci. 2011 Jul 20 ;31(29):10689-700.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Zinc alleviates pain through high-affinity binding to the NMDA receptor NR2A subunit</title>
		<link>https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article118</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article118</guid>
		<dc:date>2015-02-25T10:33:18Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Marie Embs</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Zinc is abundant in the central nervous system and regulates pain, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In vitro studies have shown that extracellular zinc modulates a plethora of signaling membrane proteins, including NMDA receptors containing the NR2A subunit, which display exquisite zinc sensitivity. We created NR2A-H128S knock-in mice to investigate whether Zn2+-NR2A interaction influences pain control. In these mice, high-affinity (nanomolar) zinc inhibition of NMDA currents was (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?rubrique24" rel="directory"&gt;2011&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH130/arton118-9108b.jpg?1777617200' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='130' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Zinc is abundant in the central nervous system and regulates pain, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In vitro studies have shown that extracellular zinc modulates a plethora of signaling membrane proteins, including NMDA receptors containing the NR2A subunit, which display exquisite zinc sensitivity. We created NR2A-H128S knock-in mice to investigate whether Zn2+-NR2A interaction influences pain control. In these mice, high-affinity (nanomolar) zinc inhibition of NMDA currents was lost in the hippocampus and spinal cord. Knock-in mice showed hypersensitivity to radiant heat and capsaicin, and developed enhanced allodynia in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. Furthermore, zinc-induced analgesia was completely abolished under both acute and chronic pain conditions. Our data establish that zinc is an endogenous modulator of excitatory neurotransmission in vivo and identify a new mechanism in pain processing that relies on NR2A NMDA receptors. The study also provides a molecular basis for the pain-relieving effects of dietary zinc supplementation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nat Neurosci. 2011 Jul 3 ;14(8):1017-22.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Molecular basis of positive allosteric modulation of GluN2B NMDA receptors by polyamines</title>
		<link>https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article117</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article117</guid>
		<dc:date>2015-02-25T10:32:23Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Marie Embs</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;NMDA receptors (NMDARs) form glutamate-gated ion channels that play central roles in neuronal communication and plasticity throughout the brain. Dysfunctions of NMDARs are involved in several CNS disorders, including stroke, chronic pain and schizophrenia. One hallmark of NMDARs is that their activity can be allosterically regulated by a variety of extracellular small ligands. While much has been learned recently regarding allosteric inhibition of NMDARs, the structural determinants (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?rubrique24" rel="directory"&gt;2011&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH138/arton117-0c66d.png?1777617200' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='138' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;NMDA receptors (NMDARs) form glutamate-gated ion channels that play central roles in neuronal communication and plasticity throughout the brain. Dysfunctions of NMDARs are involved in several CNS disorders, including stroke, chronic pain and schizophrenia. One hallmark of NMDARs is that their activity can be allosterically regulated by a variety of extracellular small ligands. While much has been learned recently regarding allosteric inhibition of NMDARs, the structural determinants underlying positive allosteric modulation of these receptors remain poorly defined. Here we show that polyamines, naturally occurring polycations that selectively enhance NMDARs containing the GluN2B subunit, bind at a dimer interface between GluN1 and GluN2B subunit N-terminal domains (NTDs). Polyamines act by shielding negative charges present on GluN1 and GluN2B NTD lower lobes, allowing their close apposition, an effect that in turn prevents NTD clamshell closure. Our work reveals the mechanistic basis for positive allosteric modulation of NMDARs. It provides the first example of an intersubunit binding site in this class of receptors, a discovery that holds promise for future drug interventions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;EMBO J. 2011 Jun 17 ;30(15):3134-46.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Targeting and imaging single biomolecules in living cells by complementation-activated light microscopy with split-fluorescent proteins</title>
		<link>https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article116</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article116</guid>
		<dc:date>2015-02-25T10:31:23Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Marie Embs</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Single-molecule (SM) microscopy allows outstanding insight into biomolecular mechanisms in cells. However, selective detection of single biomolecules in their native environment remains particu- larly challenging. Here, we introduce an easy methodology that combines specific targeting and nanometer accuracy imaging of individual biomolecules in living cells. In this method, named com- plementation-activated light microscopy (CALM), proteins are fused to dark split-fluorescent proteins (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?rubrique24" rel="directory"&gt;2011&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH139/arton116-d4e52.png?1777617200' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='139' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Single-molecule (SM) microscopy allows outstanding insight into biomolecular mechanisms in cells. However, selective detection of single biomolecules in their native environment remains particu- larly challenging. Here, we introduce an easy methodology that combines specific targeting and nanometer accuracy imaging of individual biomolecules in living cells. In this method, named com- plementation-activated light microscopy (CALM), proteins are fused to dark split-fluorescent proteins (split-FPs), which are acti- vated into bright FPs by complementation with synthetic peptides. Using CALM, the diffusion dynamics of a controlled subset of ex- tracellular and intracellular proteins are imaged with nanometer precision, and SM tracking can additionally be performed with fluorophores and quantum dots. In cells, site-specific labeling of these probes is verified by coincidence SM detection with the complemented split-FP fusion proteins or intramolecular single- pair F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer. CALM is simple and com- bines advantages from genetically encoded and synthetic fluores- cent probes to allow high-accuracy imaging of single biomolecules in living cells, independently of their expression level and at very high probe concentrations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.pnas.org/content/108/24/E201.abstract?etoc&#034; class=&#034;spip_url spip_out auto&#034; rel=&#034;nofollow external&#034;&gt;http://www.pnas.org/content/108/24/E201.abstract?etoc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jun 14 ;108(24):E201-10.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Formation and Stability of Synaptic Receptor Domains</title>
		<link>https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article115</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article115</guid>
		<dc:date>2015-02-25T10:30:12Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Marie Embs</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Neurotransmitter receptor molecules, concentrated in postsynaptic domains along with scaffold and a number of other molecules, are key regulators of signal transmission across synapses. Combining experiment and theory, we develop a quantitative description of synaptic receptor domains in terms of a reaction-diffusion model. We show that interactions between only receptors and scaffolds, together with the rapid diffusion of receptors on the cell membrane, are sufficient for the formation and (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?rubrique24" rel="directory"&gt;2011&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/local/cache-vignettes/L95xH150/arton115-4c7f0.png?1777617200' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='95' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Neurotransmitter receptor molecules, concentrated in postsynaptic domains along with scaffold and a number of other molecules, are key regulators of signal transmission across synapses. Combining experiment and theory, we develop a quantitative description of synaptic receptor domains in terms of a reaction-diffusion model. We show that interactions between only receptors and scaffolds, together with the rapid diffusion of receptors on the cell membrane, are sufficient for the formation and stable characteristic size of synaptic receptor domains. Our work reconciles long-term stability of synaptic receptor domains with rapid turnover and diffusion of individual receptors, and suggests novel mechanisms for a form of short-term, postsynaptic plasticity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Jun 10 ;106(23):238104.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Integrative epigenomic mapping defines four main chromatin states in Arabidopsis</title>
		<link>https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article114</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article114</guid>
		<dc:date>2015-02-25T10:29:11Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Marie Embs</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Post-translational modification of histones and DNA methylation are important components of chromatin- level control of genome activity in eukaryotes. However, principles governing the combinatorial association of chromatin marks along the genome remain poorly understood. Here, we have generated epigenomic maps for eight histone modifications (H3K4me2 and 3, H3K27me1 and 2, H3K36me3, H3K56ac, H4K20me1 and H2Bub) in the model plant Arabidopsis and we have combined these maps with others, (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?rubrique24" rel="directory"&gt;2011&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/local/cache-vignettes/L123xH150/arton114-6189b.png?1777617200' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='123' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Post-translational modification of histones and DNA methylation are important components of chromatin- level control of genome activity in eukaryotes. However, principles governing the combinatorial association of chromatin marks along the genome remain poorly understood. Here, we have generated epigenomic maps for eight histone modifications (H3K4me2 and 3, H3K27me1 and 2, H3K36me3, H3K56ac, H4K20me1 and H2Bub) in the model plant Arabidopsis and we have combined these maps with others, produced under identical conditions, for H3K9me2, H3K9me3, H3K27me3 and DNA methyla- tion. Integrative analysis indicates that these 12 chromatin marks, which collectively cover 90% of the genome, are present at any given position in a very limited number of combinations. Moreover, we show that the distribution of the 12 marks along the genomic sequence defines four main chromatin states, which preferentially index active genes, repressed genes, silent repeat elements and intergenic regions. Given the compact nature of the Arabidopsis genome, these four indexing states typically translate into short chromatin domains interspersed with each other. This first combinatorial view of the Arabidopsis epigenome points to simple principles of organization as in metazoans and provides a framework for further studies of chromatin-based regulatory mechanisms in plants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;PubMed PMID : 21487388&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_ps'&gt;&lt;p&gt;EMBO J. 2011 May 18 ;30(10):1928-38.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Des chercheurs de l'Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Sup&#233;rieure, avec une &#233;quipe internationale, ont r&#233;v&#233;l&#233; de nouveaux aspects sur l'&#233;volution des diatom&#233;es </title>
		<link>https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article113</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?article113</guid>
		<dc:date>2015-02-25T10:28:01Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Marie Embs</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;PARIS, FRANCE-12 mai 2011-chercheurs de l'Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Sup&#233;rieure (IBENS) avec une &#233;quipe internationale de chercheurs ont publi&#233; leurs travaux au sujet d'une nouvelle d&#233;couverte sur les diatom&#233;es marines montrant qu'elles utilisent le cycle de l'ur&#233;e qui leur permet de m&#233;taboliser efficacement le carbone et l'azote pr&#233;sents dans leur environnement. Le papier paraitra le 12 mai dans la prestigieuse revue scientifique Nature. PARIS, FRANCE-12 mai 2011-chercheurs de (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/spip.php?rubrique24" rel="directory"&gt;2011&lt;/a&gt;


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 <content:encoded>&lt;img src='https://www.bio.ens.psl.eu/depbio/local/cache-vignettes/L150xH150/arton113-a64da.jpg?1777617201' class='spip_logo spip_logo_right' width='150' height='150' alt=&#034;&#034; /&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;p&gt;PARIS, FRANCE-12 mai 2011-chercheurs de l'Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Sup&#233;rieure (IBENS) avec une &#233;quipe internationale de chercheurs ont publi&#233; leurs travaux au sujet d'une nouvelle d&#233;couverte sur les diatom&#233;es marines montrant qu'elles utilisent le cycle de l'ur&#233;e qui leur permet de m&#233;taboliser efficacement le carbone et l'azote pr&#233;sents dans leur environnement. Le papier paraitra le 12 mai dans la prestigieuse revue scientifique Nature. PARIS, FRANCE-12 mai 2011-chercheurs de l'Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Sup&#233;rieure (IBENS) avec une &#233;quipe internationale de chercheurs ont publi&#233; leurs travaux au sujet d'une nouvelle d&#233;couverte sur les diatom&#233;es marines montrant qu'elles utilisent le cycle de l'ur&#233;e qui leur permet de m&#233;taboliser efficacement le carbone et l'azote pr&#233;sents dans leur environnement. Le papier paraitra le 12 mai dans la prestigieuse revue scientifique Nature.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'&#233;quipe de recherche dirig&#233;e par un membre de l'EMBO et m&#233;daill&#233; d'argent du CNRS en 2010 Chris Bowler de l'IBENS, et le co-auteur Andrew Allen, de l'institut J. Craig Venter &#224; San Diego (JCVI) sugg&#232;rent que cela expliquerait la domination des diatom&#233;es dans les oc&#233;ans, en particulier apr&#232;s les &#233;v&#233;nements d'upwelling (le mouvement de remont&#233;e des eaux profondes riches en &#233;l&#233;ments nutritifs &#224; la surface). En r&#233;ponse &#224; ce mouvement oc&#233;anique, les diatom&#233;es sont capables de r&#233;cup&#233;rer plus rapidement de longues p&#233;riodes de carence en nutriments et de prolif&#233;rer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les diatom&#233;es sont des eucaryotes qui ont une carap&#232;ce unique &#224; base de silice. Ce sont des organismes cl&#233;s pour la compr&#233;hension des &#233;cosyst&#232;mes marins et sont en grande partie responsables de la production de carbone et d'oxyg&#232;ne dans l'oc&#233;an. Plus pr&#233;cis&#233;ment, la photosynth&#232;se des diatom&#233;es est responsable d'environ un cinqui&#232;me de l'oxyg&#232;ne que nous respirons.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En 2008 Bowler et ses coll&#232;gues ont s&#233;quenc&#233; le g&#233;nome de la premi&#232;re diatom&#233;e fusiforme Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Dans ce document, Bowler et ses collaborateurs ont d&#233;velopp&#233; de nouvelles m&#233;thodes pour d&#233;terminer les origines des g&#232;nes de diatom&#233;es et ont constat&#233; que des centaines de g&#232;nes ont une origine bact&#233;rienne. L'&#233;quipe a &#233;galement commenc&#233; &#224; explorer le m&#233;tabolisme des nutriments chez les diatom&#233;es notamment celui du fer.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;S'appuyant sur ce travail, la nouvelle publication par Allen et al continue d'explorer l'histoire &#233;volutive des diatom&#233;es, en particulier P. tricornutum, et les m&#233;canismes cellulaires permettant l'utilisation des nutriments dans l'environnement. Cela a conduit &#224; de nouvelles donn&#233;es pr&#233;sent&#233;es dans ce document montrant que les diatom&#233;es ont un cycle de l'ur&#233;e fonctionnelle. Ce fut une d&#233;couverte &#233;tonnante car auparavant on pensait que le cycle de l'ur&#233;e est apparu avec les m&#233;tazoaires (animaux) o&#249; il a jou&#233; un r&#244;le important en facilitant un large &#233;ventail d'innovations physiologiques chez les vert&#233;br&#233;s. Par exemple, la synth&#232;se de l'ur&#233;e permet une osmor&#233;gulation rapide (contr&#244;le des min&#233;raux et des sels dans le sang) chez les animaux comme les requins, les raies et les poissons osseux, et la d&#233;sintoxication d'ammoniac associ&#233;e &#224; une r&#233;tention d'eau chez les amphibiens et les mammif&#232;res. Ce dernier a probablement &#233;t&#233; une condition pr&#233;alable pour la vie sur terre et par la suite a donn&#233; lieu aux voies biochimiques n&#233;cessaires pour un r&#233;gime riche en prot&#233;ines. Allen et al ont montr&#233; que le cycle de l'ur&#233;e est en fait apparu des centaines de millions d'ann&#233;es avant l'apparition des m&#233;tazoaires. L'&#233;quipe a utilis&#233; des techniques de l'ARN interf&#233;rent pour r&#233;primer en partie une enzyme cl&#233; du cycle de l'ur&#233;e chez les diatom&#233;es. Alisdair Fernie, co-auteur de l'Institut Max-Planck de physiologie mol&#233;culaire des plantes en Allemagne, a analys&#233; le profil des m&#233;tabolites de diatom&#233;es avec et sans un cycle de l'ur&#233;e d&#233;fectueux et a trouv&#233; que les m&#233;tabolites du cycle de l'ur&#233;e sont essentiels pour le recyclage cellulaires du carbone et de l'azote et facilitent une croissance exponentielle associ&#233;e &#224; une r&#233;cup&#233;ration rapide apr&#232;s une carence nutritionnelle.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Bowler a r&#233;sum&#233; en disant, &#034;Il semble que le cycle de l'ur&#233;e des animaux qui est essentiel pour l'exportation cellulaire des d&#233;chets de carbone et de l'azote, a &#233;t&#233; emprunt&#233; &#224; un m&#233;canisme ancestral qui a initialement &#233;volu&#233; comme m&#233;canisme de recyclage de l'azote et du carbone. C'est une d&#233;couverte tr&#232;s int&#233;ressante et inattendue qui bouleverse notre mani&#232;re de percevoir les diatom&#233;es par rapport aux animaux et aux plantes. Nous devrions peut &#234;tre les appeler plantimals ! &#034;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ce travail sugg&#232;re &#233;galement que les diatom&#233;es ont suivi une voie fondamentalement diff&#233;rente de l'&#233;volution des plantes (des producteurs d'oxyg&#232;ne dominants dans les milieux terrestres), des algues vertes, et d'autres organismes &#233;troitement apparent&#233;s. Avant l'acquisition de la capacit&#233; &#224; faire de la photosynth&#232;se, les anc&#234;tres des diatom&#233;es ont &#233;t&#233; peut-&#234;tre plus &#233;troitement li&#233;s aux anc&#234;tres des animaux que ceux des plantes. Cette parent&#233; a entra&#238;n&#233; chez les diatom&#233;es et les animaux le partage de certaines voies biochimiques similaires tel que le cycle de l'ur&#233;e. Malgr&#233; l'utilisation du cycle de l'ur&#233;e &#224; des fins diff&#233;rentes, les diatom&#233;es et les animaux sont li&#233;s sur le plan &#233;volutif d'une mani&#232;re que les animaux et les plantes ne sont pas.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Avec Bowler et Allen et d'autres coll&#232;gues de l'Ecole Normale Sup&#233;rieure et JCVI, des chercheurs du Centre de biologie de l'ASCR, l'Institut de parasitologie et de l'Universit&#233; de Boh&#234;me du Sud, R&#233;publique tch&#232;que, l'Institut Max-Planck de physiologie mol&#233;culaire des plantes en l'Allemagne, l'Universit&#233; f&#233;d&#233;rale de Vi&#231;osa, au Br&#233;sil et l'Institut d'hydrobiologie de l'Acad&#233;mie chinoise des sciences, ont contribu&#233; &#224; ce travail. La recherche a &#233;t&#233; financ&#233;e par le projet de la Commission europ&#233;enne &#8216;Diatomics', l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche en France, la National Science Foundation aux Etats-Unis, et la R&#233;publique Tch&#232;que Science Foundation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
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